BA English Complete Notes
The Killers
1. The
Killers is a short story written by World famous American writer Ernest
Hemingway
2. It
was first time published in 1927 in The Scribner s’ Magazine.
3. The
themes of the short story are death, friendship and the purpose of life.
4. It
is a story of atmosphere, horror and suspense.
5. Satire
is a typical weapon of Hemingway in his all stories
6. This
story is a satire on the law enforcing American Agencies.
7. In
that society the criminals are moving freely whereas the good men like Anderson
are confined to their rooms.
8. Despite
Anderson s’ lots of complaints, the criminals are not being arrested.
9. Al
and Max two killers are after Ole Anderson to kill him just to oblige their
friend.
10. They
make the crew of the restaurant hostage, use abusive language and create
unbearable horror.
11.
Luckily Anderson does not come there on that particular day, the killers after
waiting leave the place but leave a looming shadow of death.
12. Nick
Adams visits Anderson room to inform him about the danger but he does not pay
much attention to him
Rappaccini
s’ Daughter
1. Nathaniel
Hawthorne born in 1804 and died in 1864 was an American short story
writer
2. This
short story was first published in 1844.
3. It
is a fairy tale, a fantasy, a science fiction
4. The
story projects a conflict between good force and evil force
5. The
story is about a young beautiful maiden Beatrice, daughter of a botanic
scientist Giacomo Rappaccini
6. The
professor is a very callous and cruel ,he even puts his daughter s’ life at
risk in order to add his scientific knowledge
7. The
short story also tells us about the deadly consequences of man s’ attempt of
changing human s’ nature
8. Love
is the basic need of every human, one cannot resist it
9. Rappaccini
grows a garden of poisonous plants and he tends his daughter to look after this
garden
10. She
also becomes poisonous and poison becomes her life element
11. Unaware
of all these facts ,Giovanni a young fellow who comes Padua University for
study purposes, falls in love with her
12. Giovanni observes
that Beatrice has some terrible qualities, her breath kills flying insects
13. His
regular meetings with her make him poisonous
14. Prof.
Baglioni ,a well-wisher ,gives him antidote to remove effects of poison
from Beatrice
15. Beatrice
takes that antidote and dies instantly, his father experiments take the
life of his own daughter.
New constitution
1. Sadat
Hassan Manto was born in 1912 and died in 1955.He was an Urdu fiction writer
2. This
short story has also been translated from Urdu to English
3. In
this Short story, “The New Constitution” Manto talks about the bitter truths of
British Colonial system
4. He
very successfully projects the highhandedness, cruelty and callousness of the
British soldiers on the common Indian including the Muslims
5. Ustad
Mangu, the Tonga wala is a type character; he is illiterate but knows much of
political changes occurring in that era
6. From
a fare he hears that a new constitution is being promulgated on 1st April
1935 in India
7. Mangu
becomes so enthusiastic that he shares this news with all his friends
8. He
starts waiting impatiently for the appointed date, he also weaves some dreams
in his mind
9. His
thinks that this cruel colonial system would end on the day when this new rule
would be enforced
10. Ustad
Mangu hates the British soldiers from the core of his heart and he wants to get
rid of them
11. On
the 1st April, he rises earlier than usual, sets his Tonga and
comes on the roads of Lahore
12. He
sees no particular change, but he is still hopeful about the new constitution
13. Under
the pretext of new constitution, he picks up a row with the ‘gora’ soldier who
had insulted him publically last year
14. He
lashes the gora soldiers mercilessly assuming that he is no more in rule as
after some time a new constitution is going to be implemented
15. He
is arrested and is taken to the police station and is locked up. But all the
time he is yelling ‘new constitution, ‘new constitution.’
16. His
all dreams shatter badly when he is informed by the officer that there is no
new constitution but the same old constitution
Breakfast
1. It is a story that tells us about the simplicity and
contentedness of a poor family who works as a cotton picker
2. The story pinpoints of the poor labourers who work hard for a
little better living
3. The poor family is living in the lap of the nature and they are
highly satisfied with their simple life style
4. Nature in itself is simple and teaches us the lesson of
simplicity .A life of simplicity leads to a life of contentness
5. The writer happens to pass near a family living in a tent in a
valley. He saw a woman who was making breakfast on an old rusty stove
6. The writer got close to take warmth, an old and a young man
came out of a tent, and they said good morning to the writer and offered him
breakfast
7. The woman set the breakfast; they started eating it with great relish.
They took the breakfast and thanked Almighty God. The writer really enjoyed the
breakfast
8. During the breakfast, they told the writer about their work and
also told that they had even bought new clothes with their twelve days wages
9. When the writer was about to heave, they also offered a job to
the writer but the writer thanked them and went away
10. The story is a criticism on urban materialistic life. The
family is passing a peaceful life away from the rushed city life.
Take Pity
1. It is a short story which tells us of the unflinching
struggle of a woman who strives to survive in life.
2. It also tells us that persons like Rosen try to exploit the
situation.
3. Rosen is only taking pity on Eva; his all offers are not based
o true love.
4. He adopts many ways to help her but she rejects her every offer
as it is not based on true love.
5. Ways adopted by Rosen to help her
a. He sends her some dollars from other city under the fake name
b. He tries to give some eatables to Eva s' daughters
c. He proposed Eva to marry him.
d. He even asks her to marry the person of her choice and he will
bear all the expenditures of the marriage.
e. He offers her his house free of rent.
f. At the end, he gets his will prepared leaving all his property
to Eva and commits suicides but is saved.
6. But at the end both the characters show contrasted attitude.
7. First she rejects all his offers but in the end she goes to
him.
8. Rosen even puts his life at risk for her but when she goes to him,
he abuses her badly in response.
The Happy Prince
1. The
Happy Prince’ is a short story about a prince who lived happily in his palace
2. The
story is a severe criticism on Victorian Age
3. It
is a fantasy story full of ironic remarks and situations
4. A
fantasy is a story for away from the realistic approach of life
5. Oscar
has blended fantasy with the real problems of Victorian age
6. In
English history, the Victorian Age was a problematic era
7. That
age was full of many social and political problems
8. In
that age the rulers were quite callous and unaware of the problems of the
common people
9. The
people were biased, hypocrites and flatterer
10. When the Happy
Prince was alive, he did not know of the miseries of the life
11. After his death,
his richly decorated having layers of gold and many precious stones studded
statue, was fixed on a high columns in the middle of the city
12. When he saw the
miseries of the common people, he started weeping but being fixed, he was
unable to help them
13. He requested a
migrating swallow to help him distributing all his gold and precious rubies and
sapphires among the poor people
14. Gradually the life
standard started improving but statue lost is outward beauty
15. Swallow died and
statue was sent to foundry to be melted, the workers threw out his laden heart
16. On God s’ command,
the angel of the Heaven picked up the dead swallow and broken heart of the
statue and placed them on a high place in Heaven
The Tell Tale Heart
1. There can be no second opinion in being it a horror story; the
entire story is full of horrific scenes.
2. The story is following the Nazi theory: the things you don't like wipe them out from this world.
3. The old man is an innocent fellow with a physical deformity and that is not his fault.
4. He is being killed because of this physical deformity as one of his eyes resembles that of a vulture.
5. The young man very actively, on every night, goes to his chamber and on the eighth night, he was successful in his mission.
6. He disposed of the old man s' dead body very cleverly and was also successful in cheating the policemen.
7. But in the end, he could not bear the prick of his conscience and confessed his crime to the policemen.
8. When we see the way of his murdering the old man, we cannot say that the killer is an insane/abnormal person but when we know of his reason behind the murder, we can say that he is insane.
2. The story is following the Nazi theory: the things you don't like wipe them out from this world.
3. The old man is an innocent fellow with a physical deformity and that is not his fault.
4. He is being killed because of this physical deformity as one of his eyes resembles that of a vulture.
5. The young man very actively, on every night, goes to his chamber and on the eighth night, he was successful in his mission.
6. He disposed of the old man s' dead body very cleverly and was also successful in cheating the policemen.
7. But in the end, he could not bear the prick of his conscience and confessed his crime to the policemen.
8. When we see the way of his murdering the old man, we cannot say that the killer is an insane/abnormal person but when we know of his reason behind the murder, we can say that he is insane.
The Necklace
1. Sometime little single mistake costs the whole life.
2. Matilda Loisel is a beautiful woman, but she is
not contented with her lot.
3. She always dreams of the life luxuries and wants to enjoy an
aristocratic life style having fine and big house, long row of servants.
4. Being born in a family of clerks, she is married to a clerk by
the name of Mr. Loisel who works as a clerk in minister of education office.
5. One day he brings an invitation card of a dance party at the
minister s' home, he is also thrilled as the invitation is given to only a few
selected persons.
6. He hands card to Matilda but she becomes sad and starts weeping
because she has no fine costume.
7. Her husband gives her money, anyhow a good looking costume is
arranged but she is again sad as she has no jewelry to wear on.
8. She borrows a necklace from her friend Madam Forestier.
9. Wearing new costume and borrowed necklace, she becomes queen at
the ball, even minister wishes to dance with her.
10. The necklace is lost; they replace the necklace which costs
them 36000 Francs of borrowed 18000.
11. Now it costs ten year to repay the loan, life becomes
difficult for the couple, Matilda s' beauty is lost.
12.After 10 years ,she meets Madam Forestier and tells her the
whole story, who is humbled to tell that her necklace was artificial costing no
more than 500 Francs.
The little Willow
By Francis Tower
1. It is a very beautiful story about silent love.
The hero of the story is Simon whereas the heroine of the story is a young
beautiful girl named Lisby.
2.
The love
each other but they do not express their love. Their love is only eye to eye
and heart to heart.
3.
Courthouse
is a place where the Army officers come to spend their holidays.
4.
Lisby s’
sisters Charlotte and Brenda are not sincere in love.
5.
When Simon
Byrne comes there, Lisby looks at him and feels that he is his kind of
person.
6.
They both
like each other and start loving each other in their hearts. But they do not
express their love.
7.
When he is
going to leave, Lisby gives him a little willow tree as a gift of love.
8.
Simon was
killed in the war. At the time of death he was keeping the willow tree with
him.
9.
When the
war ends, the lovers of Brenda and Charlotte return. But Simon did not return.
10. Once a guest tells Lisby that he was with
Simon when he died. He tells that Simon loved the girl who had given him the
willow tree. At that time Lisby tells him that Simon was her love.
11. In the end of the story when her sister tells
her that there is no letter for her, she tells her that she has received her
letter.
12. In this story, the willow tree is the symbol
of love and purity of hearts.
Shadow
in the Rose Garden
1.
This short story is
about unfulfilled love of a woman.
2.
She could not marry
the person she loved and could not love the person she married.
3.
She was in love with a
military officer named Archie.
4.
Archie went to North
Africa on a war mission. He was reported to have died due to sunstroke. On the
very day the woman married the person but she could not love him.
5.
After three year of
marriage, on her wife suggestion, they went to seaside for honey moon.
6.
One day, she went out
and reached the rose garden. The garden belonged to a rector s' family.
7.
The gardener stopped
her and said that she was not allowed to enter the garden as it was not a
public place.
8.
But on her request, he
allowed her to stay for a little time in the garden.
9.
She entered the garden
and looked at the house adjacent to the garden.
This was rector s' house and Archie was the rector s' son.
10. She sat in the garden. Suddenly, she saw a shadow moving towards
her. The shadow was in military uniform. She recognized that it was Archie.
11. The shadow came and stayed in front of her. He tried to recognize
her but could not as he had gone lunatic.
12. The situation became painful and intolerable for her when she came
to know that Archie had not died but still alive.
13. Full of catharsis, she told all story to her husband. He came to
know the real reason that why his wife could not love him.
14. He took hat and left the room.
The
Bear
1.
It is a farcical play
full of fun and noise, in which action leads to no action
2.
Both the characters
are contrasted and this contrast create fun and laughter
3.
Popova is a widow who
after the death of her husband promises that she would never marry, go out of
the house and would never meet any stranger
4.
From this one can
guess that she is a very sincere and loyal woman
5.
But as the play
progresses she goes against her promises and is ready to marry a person who
visits her first time
6.
Smirnov is a retired
military officer as well as a landlord, who visits Popova to take his 1200 Rubles
back
7.
In the beginning he
also shows himself as a determined man but soon he falls a victim of Popova s’
beauty and is ready to let his credit go
8.
Popova is not ready to
pay the money and says that she would pay the money the day after tomorrow
9.
Smirnov says that he
would take the money the same day as he is in dire need of money
10. There starts a hot argument between the two and they decide to
fight a duel to settle the issue
11. In the meantime ,they both starts liking each other and are ready
to marry
12. So, both the characters behaves opposite to their talks
The
Boy Comes Home
Bu
A.A. Milne
1.
Allan Alexander Milne
was a famous comedy writer who wrote this play at the end of First World War
2.
This one act play
tells us about generation gap
3.
The older generation
cannot impose their decision on the younger generation by force
4.
The older generation
thinks that they are always right and they have full authority over the younger
generation
5.
The younger generation
is not ready to be led by the nose
6.
Uncle James, a so called
strict person under the costume of fake strictness wants to teach a lesson to
Philip
7.
Philip after serving
the army for four years ,is now in leisure mood
8.
He is not ready to
obey any command of Uncle James and goes on violating the rules and regulations
made by Uncle James.
9.
Uncle James sleeps
while waiting for Philip, in his dream he takes a severe attitude with Philip
10. Philip also uses force against force, he takes out pistol and bomb
from his coat pocket
11. Seeing this, Uncle James becomes a wet cat and agrees to Philip
arguments
12. When the dream is over, then real Philip comes and agrees to Uncle
James rules and regulations and he wants
to join his jam business
Something to Talk About
By Eden Philpotts
1. At 3 A.M in the morning, a famous burglar wolf enters in Tudor
Mansion to steal the precious gifts
2. Redchester s' family is a wealthy family that is passing a very
dull and boring life, they have nothing to talk about
3. Wolf starts opening the safe, in the meanwhile Preston, the
cook comes there and Wolf ties him up
4. After sometime Guy Sydney comes there Wolf got his hand up,
soon they get familiar
5. On his request, Wolf allows him to call his sister Lettice who
is very beautiful and a big fan of Wolf
6. Lettice comes there and gets familiar with Wolf, they start
enjoying his act of theft
7. Soon Lord Redchester comes there and joins the party and starts
enjoying
8. On the request of Lord Redchester, Wolf allows them to call
Lady Redchester there
9. The whole family gathers there and starts enjoying the scene of
opening the safe
10. Ultimately the safe is opened by applying the password which
is told by Lord Redchester
11. Wolf takes out all the precious gifts and starts putting them
in his bag
12. Now the greedy nature of the rich family awakes and they wish
Wolf to leave their gifts
13. Uncle Bishop, a priest in a church uses his trump card and
urges Wolf to break into their neighbor s' home
14. Wolf is urged and after leaving the gifts goes away.
15. After his departure, the whole family cackles loudly and says,
“At last, we have something to talk about."
Modern
Essays
The Eclipse
1. In this modern essay, Virginia Woolf tells us the importance of
the sun for our Earth and existence of life on it.
2. The humans' joys, pleasures, life and the colours of the world
are due to the Sun, if there is no Sun, all the pleasures, joys and colours
vanish.
3. On a beautiful June morning, the people were moving towards a
hilly area in Northern England.
4. They gathered at the foot of a hill and the purpose of their
gathering was to witness a total solar eclipse.
4. The villagers were amazed to see a large crowd and a country
squire also joined the gathering with his four hunting dogs.
5. All the people were so keen to go as if they had some
appointment to keep.
6. The Sun rose and spread its golden rays all over the valley
making everything colourful and beautiful.
7. The weather was somewhat cloudy, there started a game of hide
and seek between the sun and the clouds.
8. The sacred twenty four seconds started and the people witnessed
a complete solar eclipse. Darkness
prevailed everywhere.
9. The world seemed to be dead during the solar eclipse.
10. From this incident, the writer drew a conclusion: the colours
of the world are not permanent.
Whistling
of Birds
1. It is a highly symbolic essay: the writer has used many symbols
of nature, expressing his deep love for the elements of nature, he has very
successfully expressed the cycle of life and death.
2. Summer and spring symbolize life whereas winter and autumn
symbolize death and destruction.
3. Death, like life, is as inevitable as autumn and spring are
inevitable. Both are opposite but are necessary in this life cycle.
4. Death cannot stop the onrush of life; likewise life cannot stop
the onrush of death.
5. With complete incompatibility, these both factors go side by
side.
6. Autumn causes death of the birds while spring causes whistle of
the birds.
7. Life gives forth to death and death gives forth to life.
8. In the presence of death life flies away and in the presence of
life death flies away.
Take
the Plunge
1. By profession, she was a journalist but she wanted to perform
some daring deed.
2. She decided to jump from a plane with parachute because it was
the most soul satisfying sport in respect of proving someone as daring man or
woman.
3. When her colleagues came to know of her decision, they made fun
of her as she was the least suitable person for this job.
4. At the invitation of Jacques Istel who had opened a parachute
jumping center, she went to Orange, Massachusetts.
5. It was the slogan of that center that parachute jumping is as
safe as swimming.
5. In that center, she got the necessary training. She was boarded
in a Cessna-180 plane with a male companion and she had to jump from the height
of twenty thousand feet.
6. Her male companion jumped but she got nervous, she jumped
unwillingly.
7. The parachute opened and she began to enjoy the scene and she
was no more nervous now.
8. She wished to stay long in the sky but she was landed on a
sandpit.
9. She was successful in her mission and proved, "If one is determined,
one can do any impossible task."
10. She was taken to see General James Gavin who praised her act
of courage.
Nagasaki
August 9, 1945Important Points Discussion
1. This essay gives a
graphic description of the destruction caused by the atomic attack on Nagasaki,
a city in Japan.
2. As a result of
this attack thousands of people died, buildings turned into debris, an unending
misery started for Japanese.
3. The author of this
essay Dr. Michaito Ichimaru was one of the lucky survivors and was an eye
witness of that destruction.
4. His purpose of
writing this essay was to tell the future generation of the horrible
destruction caused by the use of atomic weapon.
5. On the day of
blast, he could not reach at his medical college as the tram car had derailed.
6. Following are
the destruction scenes:
i. Due to the dense smoke, the
sky got black and black rain started to fall.
ii.The radiation was more than 7000
rads; as a result, there was extreme suffocation and heat.
iii. On the mountain behind the
college there was not even single blade of grass left. Fire was everywhere.
iv. Buildings
were razed to ground.
v. Most of his college fellows
died those who were alive, were unable to even blink their eyes and their faces
were expressionless. They also died in the following days.
vi. The dead bodies were so
large in number that it was very difficult to dispose them off so they were
gathered in a pile and burnt to ashes.
Message of the Essay:
The man should never use this deadly weapon in future, no matter
what happens.
Walking on the Moon
David
Scott
1.
It was political decision of America to land their man on the
surface of the Moon
2.
They started their voyage to the Moon on 28th July
1971
3.
Two astronauts David R. Scott and James Irvin landed on the
Moon while third companion Major Alfred Warden circled on the orbit sitting in
the Endeavour
4.
Before landing they took twelve revolution around the Moon
5.
Each revolution took two hours, one hour at the day side of
the Moon and one hour at the night side of the moon
6.
When their spaceship landed on the surface of the Moon, it
raised a huge storm of the moon dust which blinded the space men for the time
being
7.
To
describe their physical sensation over the Moon, Scott created similarities
with the actions done on the Earth
8.
Due to
less gravity ,their weight reduced to 1/6 on the Moon
9.
To walk
and to stop required more exertion and they walked as one was walking on
trampoline
10.
They fell
on the surface of the Moon just like a child and remained unhurt
11.
The
movement of the Rover ,a battery operated jeep was like small ship on the rough
sea
12.
They dug
different places on the Moon and collected some seventy two kg rock samples
13.
Moon dust
was as thin as talcum powder and its smell was like gunpowder
14.
After
spending 67 hours on the Moon they returned successfully to the Earth, they
also left certain object as a token of their visit on the Moon
15.
Scott
becomes nostalgic when he sees Moon from the Earth
My
Grandfather
1. In
this essay W.B Yeats give the character sketch of his grandfather-William
Pollexfen
2. Yeats
says that in his childhood he remained sad but with the passage of time it
vanished
3. His
maternal grandfather was a strict person, he had formed many strict rules and
regulations in his home and it was necessary for all to follow these rules
4. Grandfather
belonged to an old Cornish family and his father was a military men and mother
was a Wexfordian woman.
5. Grandfather
was a very strong fellow and he never asked anyone to do any work which he
himself could not do.
6. Once
there was a problem in the rudder of the ship, grandfather asked the captain to
remove it, on his refusal the grandfather himself dived into the water and
removed the problem
7. He
always had a hatchet with him kin case of any burglar
8. Falcon
s’ shipwreck and the Bible were his favourite books.
9. He
had a railway pass but its misuse was not allowed by him.
10. As per his order
the keys of the stable yard were given to him at 8 pm sharp but it was never
locked
11. Contrary to that
writer s’ grandmother was very kind, once she gave something for eating to the
writer b/w the meals
12. At every night,
carrying a candle she circled round the house to release any thief from
grandfather.
My Tailor
1.
It is a humorous essay in which
Leacock sketches his tailor
2.
He is in contact with his tailor
for the past 30 years, he considers him as an immortal object
3.
For the past thirty year ,there is
not even a slight change in the postures of his tailor
4.
He welcomes the writer with his usual
smile and starts his discussion with the weather
5.
He has always only two kinds of
cloth Tweed and Serge in his shop
6.
He shows the cloth to the writer on his bended leg standing on the
other
7.
His measuring tape is always
hanging in his neck and he always measures the writer only from his chest
8.
He asks his assistant to add half
an inch in the measurements, just to flatter the writer
9.
One day, tailor is not in his shop,
on asking, he is informed that tailor has died
10. The
writer is not ready to believe in this news as he thought the tailor an immortal
object
11. He
further knows that his business was not going well which became the cause of
his death
12. The
tailor was a religious person, and a good flute player, he had a wife and a
daughter
Beauty Industry
1.
The only industry
which remained unaffected during the economic depression of 1929-34
was beauty industry
2.
The American
women spend more than 156 million dollars in a year that is more than double revenue of India budget in a
year.
3.
With passage of
time, the women of America prospered and they started decorating their faces
and body with beauty products.
4.
The women became
freer and freer and also status conscious.
5.
In America and
all over the world the old ladies are becoming antique as they garnish their
bodies with beauty enhancing products.
6.
Huxley is of the
view that the beauty got by the use of beauty products is an artificial beauty
7.
This artificial
beauty has no attraction at all
8.
Artificial beauty
is like the beauty of China porcelain jar which is beautiful outwardly but is
full of dead flies, rotten leaves and ill smelling slime
9.
He met with two
women in a hotel who fulfilled all the standard of beauty but they did not have
moral as well as the beauty of the character
10. He says that if there is social justice, peace in the
society, the people will be healthy and beautiful
Are Doctors Men
of Science?
1.
Shaw s' attitude in this essay
mocking one, he makes fun of the false pretensions of the medical field
2.
It is a wrong concept in the
society that people think that doctors are scientists
3.
Shaw says that the doctors are not
the men of science
4.
The work of a doctor is quite
different than that of a scientist
5.
Doctoring is an art and it is the
art of curing the diseases
6.
The same work is being done by the
quacks, herbalists, charmers and fortune tellers.
7.
These quacks are making more money
than that of qualified one
8.
Shaw is of the view that the only
difference between the qualified and the quacks is that the
qualified has the authority to sign the death certificate of the patient
whereas the quack does not have this authority
On Saying Please
1.
Good manners are key to success in
life
2.
Bad manners are not a legal
offence.
3.
No law allows us to kick back the
person who misbehaves with us.
4.
Good manners and bad manners are
like infection, create a chain of reactions.
5.
If any burglar beaks into house,
one is allowed to hit him but if any one injures the
feelings of any one, law
is silent.
6.
The attitude of the lift
man is not appreciable because he retaliates bad manners
with bad manners.
7.
The bus conductor has made
his life easy by showing good manners.
8.
Everybody waits for his bus and
loves to travel with him
Hosts and Guests
1.
Max Beerbohm was a famous essayist,
parodist and cartoonist
2.
In this essay, he describes the
qualities of the hosts and guests in a humorous way
3.
He divides the human beings into
two major categories: hosts and guests
4.
This difference is not
circumstantial but of temperamental
5.
Being a host is a positive
instinct whereas to be a guest is a negative instinct
6.
The quality of hospitality
developed slowly with the development of civilization
7.
The history of hospitality is full
of painful incidents
8.
Jael s’ treachery, Odysseus
killing of his guests and Romans poisoning their guests ,all are condemnable
9.
The Scottish, in history, first
honoured their guests
10.
At present, it is thought that a
rich is normally a good host while a poor is normally a good guest
11.
A natural host cannot be a guest
while a natural guest cannot be a host, it is a matter of temperament
12.
The writer of this essay himself
was good guest but often he entertained his guest
Super
1.
It is a beautiful short essay
written by Anonymous.
2.
In this essay, he criticizes the excessive
use of the word super
3.
Today every businessman and
manufacturer is using this word with their products
4.
Super soap, super chocolate but
reality is worse, these products do not have the super qualities
5.
They are misusing this word super
in order to sell their products
6.
Nietzsche was the first man who
used the word superman after that G.B. Shaw also used this word
7.
The past men had super qualities,
character wise they were noble and good people
8.
The present man lacks good
character and they are using word super with their things
9.
People not the things matter the
most, people should have good character, they should be super men
The Vitamins
1.
This essay is an extract from
Dr.Kenneth Walker s’ book ‘Human Physiology’
2.
In this essay, he tells us the
importance of vitamins for a healthy life
3.
Human body needs some essential
elements to function properly
4.
The excess of vitamins can also
cause may diseases
5.
There are two major types of
vitamins some are fat soluble and some are water soluble
6.
The fate soluble include A, E and
D and are found in meat, cod liver oil and low in vegetables
7.
Their deficiency causes stunted growth,
weak immune system and infertility
8.
Water soluble are B and C, and are
found on green vegetables, lemon and oranges
9.
Their deficiency also causes many
diseases like rickets, beriberi and pellagra`
10.
Many essential vitamins go waste
during mill processing
The Old Man and the Sea
Symbolic Importance
1.
Santiago is the symbol of the
human beings
2.
Fish is the symbol of goals ,
desires and aims in life
3.
Sharks are the symbol of problems
and difficulties in life
4.
Manolin is the symbol of youth and
courage
5.
Skeleton of the Marlin is the
symbol of useless degrees and medals
6.
Sea is the symbol of the world
Philosophy of the novel
1.
Success and failure are two
important aspects of life
2.
Success and failure are
interlinked
3.
To gain something is not success
4.
To lose something is not failure
5.
Both the success and failure
depend on continuous struggle
6.
If a man goes on struggling , he
is not at failure
7.
If a man gives up struggle, he is
at the failure
Themes of the novel
1.
It seems that more than fifty
themes are working in the novel
2.
But some themes seem to be
prominent
3.
Successful and failure are inevitable
in life
4.
To gain or to lose anything is not
success and failure
5.
Continuous struggle matters in
life
6.
Alone man is nothing in this world,
he needs support of others to succeeds in life
7.
Fate plays an important role in
man s’ life
Major story of the novel
1.
Santiago s’ search for fish
2.
Santiago s’ fight with the fish
3.
Attacks of sharks on the Marlin
4.
Old man s’ fight with deadly
sharks
5.
Santiago s’ hand wrestling contest
with a Negro
6.
His life on the shore and his life
at the sea
Major interests of the old man
1.
Fishing is his major interest
2.
Talking to Manolin thrills the old
man
3.
He loves baseball and loves to listen the commentary
on radio
4.
Dreaming about lions is also his major
interest
5.
Hand wrestling is also the interest
of the old man
Ending of the novel
1.
Some critics say that ending of
the novel is not justified
2.
One school of thoughts say that
the ending of the novel is quite justifies
3.
Those who say that the ending is
not justified they give the logic of hard struggle of the old man
4.
Those who say that the ending is
quite justified that give logic of Hemingway s’ philosophy
5.
The old man struggled hard so he
deserved to gain the fruit of his efforts
6.
To gain something is not success
but continuous struggle is success
7.
Sharks deprive the old man of the
fruit of his struggle but they could not shatter and stop old man s’
determination and struggle
Agr paper me chapter ka koi b question ay us me yehi likh skty Han Kisi b sawal ka jwab Jo notes me ha uper
ReplyDeleteSir g ye ans hum kisi b question ka daye saktye hain na ??? Supplementary k exams main ?
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